Walter E. Spradbery’s Holly

Artist: Walter E. Spradbery, English, 1889–1969
Issued by: Underground Electric Railways Company of London Ltd
Holly, 1936, Small format Poster, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK
https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1023797/holly-poster-spradbery-walter-e/

Walter E. Spradbery’s Holly is a vibrant 1936 linocut poster commissioned by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London Ltd., embodying the festive spirit of Christmas while promoting travel on the London Underground. The artwork blends traditional holiday imagery, holly leaves, red berries, and a robin, with bold Art Deco typography and modern design sensibilities. Spradbery’s masterful use of color and composition not only celebrates seasonal joy but also reflects the company’s commitment to combining art and public transport, turning everyday journeys into opportunities for cultural enrichment.

Spradbery was an English artist, designer, and poet best known for his work as a poster artist during the early to mid-20th century. Born in London, he studied at the Walthamstow School of Art and later taught there, becoming a key figure in promoting art and design education. Spradbery served in the First World War as an official war artist, where his experiences deeply influenced his artistic outlook, emphasizing themes of resilience and beauty amid adversity. After the war, he continued to work prolifically as an illustrator, muralist, and printmaker, developing a distinctive style rooted in linocut printing and strong design principles.

Spradbery’s collaboration with major British transport companies, including the London & North Eastern Railway (LNER), Southern Railway, and London Transport (LT), played a central role in his career. His posters were part of a broader movement to use fine art to promote public travel, encouraging leisure and exploration through visually compelling imagery. For the LNER and Southern Railway, he created scenes that celebrated the beauty of the British landscape, inviting passengers to discover the countryside and coastlines by rail. For London Transport, Spradbery designed posters that combined practical information with artistic flair, often highlighting seasonal themes, gardens, and historical landmarks, thereby helping to shape the visual identity of public transport in the interwar period.

Aesthetically, Spradbery’s work is characterized by bold composition, rhythmic linework, and vibrant color contrasts, often achieved through his skilled use of the linocut technique. His designs fuse natural motifs, trees, flowers, birds, and architectural forms, with modern graphic design principles, creating images that feel both decorative and dynamic. Influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement and early modernism, Spradbery’s posters convey a sense of optimism and harmony between nature, art, and modern life. His works, including Holly, embody a timeless appeal, blending craftsmanship with a democratic vision of art accessible to the public through everyday encounters in stations and trains.

In his 1936 poster Holly, issued for the Underground Electric Railways Company of London Ltd., Walter E. Spradbery transforms a familiar seasonal motif into a striking graphic composition. Set against the stylised red ‘O’ of London Underground’s iconic roundel, a vibrant sprig of holly with lush green leaves and bright red berries encircles a singing robin at its centre. The design is executed as a bold linocut and retains the crisp simplicity of the technique, offering clear, high-contrast shapes and limited colour fields that draw the eye in. With the text ‘HOLLY CHRISTMAS GREETINGS TO ALL TRAVELLERS’ the poster functions both as a festive greeting and a visual invitation to travel, merging holiday cheer with the everyday mobility of London’s transport system. The piece is emblematic of Spradbery’s ability to unite artistic elegance with commercial purpose, turning a public-transport poster into an object of design worth preserving.

As December’s ‘Plant of the Month,’ Holly stands as a timeless symbol of resilience, renewal, and festive cheer, its evergreen leaves and bright red berries capturing the spirit of the season, Walter E. Spradbery’s Holly beautifully encapsulates these associations, blending art, nature, and celebration into a single uplifting image. Just as his 1936 poster wished ‘greetings to all travellers,’ we too can carry forward that message of warmth and goodwill. May this December bring you peace, creativity, and joy as we journey together into the festive season and the promise of a new year.

For a PowerPoint Presentation on Walter E. Spradbery’s oeuvre, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1023797/holly-poster-spradbery-walter-e/ and https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/stories/design/walter-ernest-spradbery-artist-war-and-peace

Thanksgiving by Doris Lee

Doris Lee, American Artist, 1905–1983
Thanksgiving, c. 1935, Oil on Canvas, 71.3×101.8 cm, The Art Institute of Chicago, USA
https://www.artic.edu/artworks/21727/thanksgiving

As Thanksgiving 2025 arrives, we find ourselves drawn to the timeless spirit captured in Doris Lee’s Thanksgiving, a scene brimming with bustling energy, warmth, and the quiet poetry of togetherness. In her painting, every gesture, every swirl of flour, becomes an act of love and gratitude, reminding us that celebration lives in the small, shared moments of preparation and care. As we gather around our own tables this year, we can reflect on that same sense of unity and joy, where the heart of the holiday lies not in perfection, but in presence: Laughter warms the room, / Flour dusts the afternoon light / Hands share simple joy. Let’s explore 5 interesting Facts about Thanksgiving by Doris Lee

1. Created in 1935
Doris Lee painted Thanksgiving in 1935, a period marked by the Great Depression’s widespread economic hardship. During this era, many American artists turned their focus toward scenes of everyday life as a source of comfort and cultural pride. Lee’s choice to depict an ordinary family preparing for a holiday meal reflected a longing for stability, community, and tradition at a time when many families faced uncertainty. Her vibrant composition and affectionate portrayal of domestic bustle offered a hopeful vision of togetherness amidst national struggle.

2. Award-Winning Work
When Thanksgiving debuted at the Art Institute of Chicago’s annual exhibition in 1935, it won the Logan Purchase Prize, one of the most prestigious art awards in the country at the time. This recognition instantly elevated Lee’s reputation and placed her among the leading figures of American art in the 1930s. The award not only validated her artistic vision but also helped establish her as a key voice within the American Scene movement, especially as a woman artist working in a field still dominated by men.

3. Depiction of Domestic Life
Lee’s painting captures a bustling kitchen filled with figures engaged in the joyful chaos of preparing a holiday meal. From kneading dough to stirring pots, each gesture contributes to the communal energy that defines the scene. Unlike traditional depictions of idealized domestic order, Lee celebrates the humor and humanity of family life, the mess, the chatter, and the warmth. Her portrayal honors the often-overlooked labor and connection that make such gatherings meaningful, emphasizing the beauty of ordinary moments shared across generations.

4. American Scene Painting
Thanksgiving exemplifies the ideals of the American Scene, or Regionalist, art movement, which flourished during the 1930s and 1940s. Artists within this movement sought to depict familiar aspects of American life, rural communities, small-town events, and domestic rituals, as a form of cultural storytelling. In contrast to the abstract modernism emerging in Europe, artists like Lee, Grant Wood, and Thomas Hart Benton focused on accessible, narrative-based imagery. Lee’s work, with its charm and human touch, captures both the visual texture and emotional spirit of an America rooted in shared traditions.

5. Controversial Yet Beloved
When first exhibited, Thanksgiving sparked mixed reactions. While audiences were enchanted by its warmth and liveliness, some critics dismissed it as overly sentimental or “naïve.” However, over time, the very qualities that drew criticism, its sincerity, humor, and sense of community, became the reasons it endured as a beloved work of art. Today, Thanksgiving is celebrated as one of Doris Lee’s masterpieces, representing her ability to find artistry in everyday life and to portray the American experience with both honesty and affection.

Doris Lee (1905–1983) was an influential American painter best known for her warm, narrative depictions of everyday life. Born in Aledo, Illinois, she studied art at Rockford College and later in Paris, where she absorbed elements of modern European styles before developing her own distinctly American approach. Lee rose to prominence in the 1930s, particularly after winning the Logan Purchase Prize for her painting Thanksgiving in 1935. Her work reflected the ideals of the American Scene movement, celebrating domestic life, rural traditions, and community spirit with a touch of humor and affection. Throughout her career, Lee’s art evolved from detailed representational scenes to more stylized, colorful compositions influenced by folk art and modernism. She remained an active and respected artist for decades, capturing with grace and warmth the rhythms of ordinary American life.

For a PowerPoint Presentation of Doris Lee oeuvre, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://www.artic.edu/artworks/21727/thanksgiving

Andrea della Robbia’s tender Portrait of a Child

Andrea Della Robbia, 1435-1525
Portrait of a Child, ca 1475 – ca 1480, Glazed Terracotta, Height: 34 cm, National Museum of Bargello, Florence, Italy – Photo Credit: Amalia Spiliakou, April 2025

To mark UN World Children’s Day on November 20, a celebration of children’s rights and their place at the heart of our shared humanity, it feels fitting to turn our attention to Andrea della Robbia’s tender Portrait of a Child, housed in Florence’s Bargello Museum. Crafted in the late 15th century, this glazed terracotta bust captures the purity and quiet dignity of childhood with remarkable grace. Della Robbia’s mastery of the terracotta invetriata technique lends the work its luminous surface and soft, lifelike expression, qualities that make the child’s gentle gaze as moving today as it was five centuries ago. This piece serves as both an artistic treasure and a timeless reminder of innocence, compassion, and the enduring importance of nurturing the young. https://www.un.org/en/observances/world-childrens-day

Andrea della Robbia (1435–1525) was a prominent Florentine sculptor and a key figure in the celebrated Della Robbia family workshop, renowned for its innovative glazed terracotta sculptures. The nephew of Luca della Robbia, who first perfected the family’s distinctive enamel technique, Andrea inherited both the workshop and his uncle’s passion for combining sculpture with color. Working in Renaissance Florence during a period of extraordinary artistic flourishing, he produced devotional works, portraits, and architectural reliefs that blended religious feeling with human warmth. His works adorned churches, hospitals, and cloisters throughout Tuscany, where his serene Madonnas and angelic figures became beloved symbols of faith and tenderness.

Andrea della Robbia’s artistic legacy lies in his refinement of the terracotta invetriata technique, a process that coated clay sculptures with brightly colored, tin-based glazes to achieve both durability and visual brilliance. This innovation, first pioneered by his uncle Luca, was transformed under Andrea’s hand into a sophisticated artistic language that united practicality, beauty, and devotion. His mastery of color and form allowed him to create works that combined the sculptural depth of relief with the vibrancy of painting, resulting in pieces that glowed with a sense of divine light. The luminous surfaces of his sculptures not only protected them from weathering but also made them accessible to a broader audience, adorning churches, hospitals, and civic spaces across Tuscany. Beyond technical achievement, Andrea infused his figures with spiritual purity and emotional tenderness, particularly visible in his serene Madonnas and the famous swaddled infants of the Ospedale degli Innocenti. Through his craftsmanship and sensitivity, he elevated glazed terracotta into one of the Renaissance’s most distinctive and enduring expressions of faith, compassion, and artistic innovation.

Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446
Spedale degli Innocenti, Construction: 1417-1436 – Inauguration: 1445, Piazza della Santissima Annunziata, Florence, Italy https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedale_degli_Innocenti
Andrea della Robbia, 1435-1525
Infant in Swaddling Clothes, 1487, Glazed Terracotta, Diameter about 100 cm, Ospedale degli Innocenti, Piazza della Santissima Annunziata, Florence, Italy https://smarthistory.org/andrea-della-robbia-bambini-ospedale-degli-innocenti/

Andrea della Robbia’s Head of a Boy, housed in the Bargello Museum in Florence, is a finely modeled glazed terracotta bust that captures the quiet grace and innocence of childhood. The sculpture portrays a young boy with softly curling hair, serene features, and a gentle, introspective expression. His head is slightly turned, lending the figure a sense of naturalism and presence, while the delicate modeling of the lips and eyes reflects Andrea’s remarkable sensitivity to human emotion. The figure’s clothing, rendered in vivid blue and green glazes, contrasts beautifully with the pure white of the face, emphasizing both the luminosity and purity that the invetriata technique made possible. This harmony of color and form, combined with the lifelike modeling, embodies the Renaissance ideal of blending spiritual serenity with human warmth. The piece radiates quiet dignity and emotional restraint, standing as a testament to Andrea della Robbia’s gift for transforming humble terracotta into art of transcendent beauty.

For a PowerPoint Presentation of Andrea della Robbia’s oeuvre, please… Check HERE!

For more information on Andrea della Robbia’s contribution to the Florentine Ospedale degli Innocenti, please visit the Teacher Curator’s Blog Post… https://www.teachercurator.com/art/spedale-degli-innocenti-in-florence/

Bibliography: https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/0900383750 and https://wahooart.com/en/artists/andrea-della-robbia-en/ and chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.nga.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/exhibition-della-robbia.pdf

Bridges of Light

James Abbott McNeill Whistler, American, 1834-1903
Nocturne in Blue and Gold: Old Battersea Bridge,
1872, Oil on canvas, 66,6×50,2 cm, TATE Gallery, UK
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/whistler-nocturne-blue-and-gold-old-battersea-bridge-n01959
Utagawa Hiroshige, Japanese,1797-1858
Bamboo Yards, Kyōbashi Bridge (12th Month, 1857), from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, ca. 1856–58, Color woodblock print, 36×24.1 cm, The Art Institute, Chicago, USA
https://www.artic.edu/artworks/26522/fireworks-at-ry%C5%8Dgoku-ry%C5%8Dgoku-hanabi-from-the-series-one-hundred-famous-views-of-edo-meisho-edo-hyakkei

Bridges of Light – they often symbolize connection between places, people, or moments in time. In art, they also link the visible world to the realm of mood and imagination. Two works from opposite sides of the globe, James McNeill Whistler’s Nocturne in Blue and Gold: Old Battersea Bridge (1872–75) and Utagawa Hiroshige’s Bamboo Yards, Kyōbashi Bridge (1857), both turn the humble bridge into something poetic and transcendent. Though separated by culture, medium, and intention, they share an atmospheric stillness that invites reflection on light, water, and the human gaze.

James McNeill Whistler’s Nocturne in Blue and Gold: Old Battersea Bridge captures London at night as a mysterious symphony of blue and shadow. Painted around 1872, this oil on canvas is part of Whistler’s celebrated “Nocturne” series, works that sought to translate the visual world into the language of music.

The scene is minimal: a great wooden bridge looms above the Thames, faint figures hover on its span, fireworks flicker faintly in the distance. Yet what dominates is not the structure, but the atmosphere, a veil of misty blue punctuated by golden glimmers. Whistler strips away narrative detail, emphasizing mood over subject. His soft brushwork and tonal harmony evoke a world on the edge of visibility, where city lights dissolve into the haze.

At the time, such abstraction was revolutionary. Critics like John Ruskin accused Whistler of “flinging a pot of paint in the public’s face,” prompting a famous libel trial. Yet today, this painting stands as a precursor to modernism, an early exploration of how color and composition can convey emotion without storytelling. Whistler’s bridge is not merely an urban landmark, it’s a threshold between reality and reverie.

Two decades earlier and half a world away, Utagawa Hiroshige portrayed another bridge, Kyōbashi, in the bustling city of Edo (modern Tokyo). His Bamboo Yards, Kyōbashi Bridge (12th Month, 1857) is one print from the masterful series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, now in the Brooklyn Museum’s collection.

In this woodblock print, Hiroshige depicts a tranquil night scene: a full moon floats above a canal, wooden boats drift silently, and stacked bamboo poles line the riverbank. The bridge arches gently across the upper plane, connecting neighborhoods as the water reflects the glow of the winter sky. The composition is crisp and balanced, geometric lines meet fluid curves, and the print’s limited palette of cool blues and pale whites creates a luminous serenity.

Unlike Whistler’s subjective haze, Hiroshige’s clarity celebrates the harmony between city and nature. His mastery of linear perspective and color gradation (bokashi) guides the viewer’s eye into the depth of Edo’s nocturnal calm. The work belongs to the ukiyo-e (“pictures of the floating world”) tradition, art that captured fleeting, beautiful moments of everyday life. Yet even here, amid bamboo yards and bridges, Hiroshige evokes something timeless: the poetry of stillness.

Though born of different worlds, Meiji-era Japan and industrial London, both works share an extraordinary sensitivity to atmosphere and light. Whistler’s oil painting and Hiroshige’s woodblock print each transform an urban bridge into a site of contemplation.

Whistler’s Nocturne immerses us in ambiguity and mood. His blues blur edges and forms, inviting emotion over clarity. Hiroshige’s Kyōbashi Bridge, by contrast, sharpens detail within calm order. Yet both convey the quiet beauty of the city at rest, a pause between day and night, motion and stillness.

There is also an intriguing link between the two artists. Western painters like Whistler were profoundly influenced by Japanese art during the late 19th century, a movement known as Japonisme. Whistler himself admired Hiroshige’s prints and adopted their compositional daring: asymmetry, flattened perspective, and the focus on atmospheric tone. In a sense, Whistler’s London nocturne owes a debt to the poetic precision of Edo’s floating world.

In both images, light and water serve as mirrors, literal and symbolic. Hiroshige’s canal reflects the moon’s glow, while Whistler’s Thames glimmers with distant sparks. Each artist invites us to linger in that reflection, to sense the beauty that lies between visibility and suggestion.

The choice of medium also shapes the experience. Hiroshige’s woodblock print, with its clean contours and delicate color transitions, feels crafted, meditative, and reproducible, designed for an audience that cherished everyday beauty. Whistler’s oil painting, on the other hand, is singular and subjective, the result of layered pigment and a painter’s improvisation. Both reveal how material and method can express different kinds of intimacy with the world.

Bridges are not only physical crossings but metaphors for transition, between places, cultures, or even states of mind. In Nocturne in Blue and Gold, Whistler transforms London’s industrial river into a space of mood and mystery. In Bamboo Yards, Kyōbashi Bridge, Hiroshige turns Edo’s night into a vision of harmony and calm.

Viewed together, these two works form a quiet dialogue across continents. One whispers through mist, the other gleams under moonlight, yet both remind us that art’s greatest power lies in its ability to make the familiar shimmer anew.

For a PowerPoint Presentation on James McNeill Whistler’s art and Ukiyo-e Japanese Prints, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/whistler-nocturne-blue-and-gold-old-battersea-bridge-n01959 and https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/objects/121690

Funerary Stele of Alexibola

Alexibola: Funerary Stele with Scene of Greeting, early 3rd century BC, Marble, Archaeological Museum of Thera, Greece
https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2017/chaniotis-world-of-emotions

Among the treasures of the Archaeological Museum of Thera, the Funerary Stele of Alexibola stands out as a moving testament to the emotional depth of Classical Greek art. Carved in marble in the early 3rd century BC, the relief depicts Alexibola, the deceased, standing before a seated older man, probably her father, as they exchange a final, tender farewell. The woman’s gesture, gently touching the man’s beard, is met by his reciprocal touch on her arm, creating a moment of quiet intimacy and profound affection. Their calm expressions and composed postures convey sorrow and love without excess, embodying the Greek ideal of dignity even in grief.

Displayed in the acclaimed 2017 exhibition “A World of Emotions: Greece, 700 BC–AD 200” (Onassis Cultural Center, New York; Acropolis Museum, Athens), this stele beautifully illustrates how emotion was central to Greek experience. As curator Angelos Chaniotis observed, emotions shaped Greek culture no less than reason. The stele of Alexibola reveals how artists of the Classical world captured not only the likeness of individuals but also the enduring human capacity for feeling, transforming private loss into timeless art.

Funerary stelae held a vital place in ancient Greek art, serving as both commemorations of the dead and reflections of deeply personal emotion within a public setting. These marble reliefs, often depicting the deceased in moments of quiet interaction with loved ones, reveal how the Greeks balanced restraint and feeling, translating private grief into graceful, idealized form. Rather than dramatic displays of sorrow, they communicate emotion through subtle gestures: a clasped hand, a downward gaze, or a tender touch. The Stele of Alexibola exemplifies this tradition perfectly, its depiction of a final farewell between a daughter and her father transforms the pain of parting into a timeless image of love, respect, and composure. Through such works, Greek artists gave emotional depth to stone, reminding viewers that even in death, the bonds of human affection endure.

The Funerary Stele of Alexibola was discovered on the Cycladic island of Thera, modern Santorini, an island that has long held a significant place in the history of Greek art and culture. Thera was a thriving center of Aegean civilization, strategically located between Crete and mainland Greece, and its artistic legacy reflects this blend of influences. From the vivid frescoes of the prehistoric settlement at Akrotiri, which reveal a sophisticated visual culture rivaling that of Minoan Crete, to later Classical and Hellenistic sculptures such as the stele of Alexibola, Thera demonstrates the island’s continuous engagement with the broader artistic currents of the Greek world. The stele itself embodies the island’s role as both participant in and preserver of Greek aesthetic value, melding technical mastery with emotional subtlety, and reminding us that even on this volcanic outpost, art served as a bridge between personal memory and collective tradition.

Alexibola: Funerary Stele with Scene of Greeting, early 3rd century BC, Marble, Archaeological Museum of Thera, Greece
https://www.greece-is.com/millennia-tour-santorini-ages/

Today, the Funerary Stele of Alexibola continues to speak across millennia, its message as clear and touching as when it was first carved. In its quiet grace, we recognize the timeless human emotions of love, loss, and remembrance, feelings that unite us with those who lived and grieved long ago. The simplicity of the figures, their tender gestures, and the dignified calm of their farewell remind us that art can express what words often cannot. Through Alexibola’s parting moment with her father, we are invited into an intimate world where ancient stone becomes a vessel for enduring emotion, proving that even in silence, the human heart has always sought connection, beauty, and meaning.

For a PowerPoint Presentation of important ancient Greek Funerary Stele, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2017/chaniotis-world-of-emotions

More Posts on ancient Greek Funerary Stele by Teacher Curator… https://www.teachercurator.com/art/hegeso-daughter-of-proxenos/ and https://www.teachercurator.com/ancient-greek-art/telling-us-goodbye/ and https://www.teachercurator.com/ancient-greek-art/grave-stele-of-a-youth-and-a-little-girl/

Andy Warhol’s Kiku Prints

Andy Warhol (American, 1928–1987)
Kiku, 1983 — Screenprint, 50 × 66 cm | Private Collection
Kiku, 1983 — Screenprint, 48 × 66 cm | Private Collection
Kiku, 1983 — Screenprint, 50 × 66 cm | Private Collection
Shapero Modern, London, UK https://news.artnet.com/art-world/spotlight-andy-warhol-chrysanthemum-prints-1991310

November brings the chrysanthemum, recognized in floral tradition as the flower of the month and long celebrated in art and poetry. Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694) captured its quiet beauty in his haiku: Chrysanthemums bloom— / the scent of old age / in the autumn dusk. More than three centuries later, Andy Warhol’s Kiku prints reimagine this iconic flower. In his series of three prints, he transforms the traditional symbol of autumnal reflection into a vibrant, modern meditation on color, repetition, and the persistence of life and memory. Warhol’s chrysanthemums echo the seasonal beauty that Bashō so delicately observed, bridging centuries of artistic contemplation around a single, enduring motif.

In 1983, Warhol was commissioned by Fujio Watanuki, a prominent figure in the Japanese avant-garde and founder of the Gendai Hanga Center in Tokyo, to create a series inspired by the chrysanthemum, or kiku in Japanese. This collaboration marked a significant intersection of Eastern and Western artistic sensibilities. Having previously visited Japan in 1956 and 1974, Warhol was invited to produce a body of work that resonated with Japanese culture, particularly focusing on flowers. The resulting Kiku series comprises three screenprints, each depicting the chrysanthemum in Warhol’s signature pop art style. Unusually small in scale, the prints echo the intimate proportions of Japanese hanging scrolls and screens. Warhol’s screenprinting technique involved layering vibrant colors onto Rives BFK paper, creating dynamic compositions that blend traditional Japanese motifs with his bold, graphic abstraction.

https://news.artnet.com/art-world/spotlight-andy-warhol-chrysanthemum-prints-1991310

Aesthetically, the Kiku prints are a striking fusion of delicate natural imagery and Warhol’s vibrant, modernist approach. Through the use of contrasting colors and layered repetition, the chrysanthemums are transformed into a visual rhythm that is both meditative and contemporary. Each print balances the flower’s elegance with the intensity of modern design, celebrating the chrysanthemum not merely as a botanical subject but as a symbol of cultural exchange, bridging centuries of artistic tradition from Japan to the Western pop art world.

The original prints created for Watanuki are part of a limited edition and are now held in private collections and select galleries worldwide. While not permanently on public display, they occasionally appear in exhibitions and auctions, offering glimpses into Warhol’s engagement with Japanese culture. Institutions such as the Gendai Hanga Center in Tokyo and galleries specializing in Warhol’s work may provide opportunities to experience these intimate yet powerful prints firsthand.

The chrysanthemum holds a special place in Japanese culture as the quintessential flower of autumn, symbolizing longevity, rejuvenation, and the quiet beauty of the season. Its bloom coincides with the cooling of the year, making it a central motif in art, poetry, and seasonal celebrations such as the Chōyō no Sekku (Festival of the Double Ninth) in September. In the West, the chrysanthemum was adopted into the floral calendar as the flower of November, representing respect, honor, and the transitional beauty of late autumn. This cross-cultural recognition highlights the universal appeal of the chrysanthemum’s form and symbolism, linking the seasonal reflections captured in Bashō’s haiku to the modern reinterpretation found in Warhol’s Kiku prints.

Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694) is considered the greatest master of Japanese haiku. He lived during the Edo period and elevated the short poem from a playful literary pastime into a deeply expressive art form. Bashō was born Matsuo Kinsaku in Ueno (now Iga, Japan) and trained in both classical Chinese and Japanese poetry before dedicating himself to haikai (the predecessor of haiku). He lived much of his life as a wandering poet, traveling through Japan on long journeys that inspired his most famous works, such as The Narrow Road to the Deep North (Oku no Hosomichi). His haiku often capture fleeting natural scenes, a frog jumping into an old pond, the sound of cicadas, the stillness of autumn evenings, with profound simplicity. He combined Zen Buddhist awareness, classical elegance, and keen observation of everyday life, making haiku both deeply spiritual and accessible.

For a Student Activity inspired by Ady Warhol’s prints oh Kiku, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/spotlight-andy-warhol-chrysanthemum-prints-1991310 and https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/basho

Robert Spear Dunning’s Apples

Robert Spear Dunning, American Artist, 1829-1905
Apples, 1869, Oil on Canvas, 50.2 x 64.1 cm, Private Collectionhttps://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6519615?ldp_breadcrumb=back

When I look at Robert Spear Dunning’s Apples, I can’t help but think of Robert Frost’s words… But I am done with apple-picking now. / Essence of winter sleep is on the night, / The scent of apples: I am drowsing off… from After Apple-Picking. The painting, like the poem, holds that quiet pause between abundance and rest, when the harvest is gathered in and time itself seems to slow. Yet it also makes me think about World Food Day, held each year on October 16, when more than 150 countries come together to raise awareness of hunger and poverty. Dunning’s apples, so rich and full, remind me how easily we take such everyday nourishment for granted, and how vital it is that food and beauty alike are shared more widely. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44259/after-apple-picking

Robert Spear Dunning (1829–1905) was an American painter best known as a leading figure of the Fall River School, a circle of artists in Massachusetts devoted to still-life painting. Born in Brunswick, Maine, he studied at the National Academy of Design in New York under Daniel Huntington, where he developed both academic discipline and a meticulous eye for detail. By the late 1850s, Dunning had settled in Fall River, and in 1859 he helped establish the Fall River School, transforming southeastern Massachusetts into an unexpected hub for still-life painting. Over his long career, he exhibited widely and gained recognition for elevating the still life, particularly fruit compositions, into a respected and celebrated genre of American art.

In 1870, Dunning expanded his influence further by co-founding the Fall River Evening Drawing School with fellow artist John E. Grouard. Created to make art education accessible to the city’s working population, many of whom toiled in the textile mills, the school emphasized drawing as the essential foundation for artistic practice. It quickly became a cultural center for aspiring painters and helped solidify the identity of the Fall River School, whose members became known for their luminous and painstakingly detailed still lifes. By offering structured training outside the major urban art centers, the Evening Drawing School broadened the reach of American art education and left a lasting imprint on the cultural life of the region.

Dunning’s aesthetic is marked by clarity, precision, and a refined sense of order. His canvases often feature fruit arranged with deliberate symmetry, their surfaces rendered in luminous detail that balances realism with quiet idealization. Apples, grapes, peaches, and plums are polished to near perfection, often set against dark or neutral backgrounds that heighten their rich colors and tactile presence. This combination of natural abundance and painterly restraint gives his work both elegance and restraint, transforming everyday objects into meditations on beauty, transience, and plenty.

Robert Spear Dunning’s Apples (1869) stands as a quintessential example of American still-life painting in the 19th century, showcasing the artist’s unrivaled precision and luminous treatment of everyday subjects. The composition places apples at the center of attention, their polished surfaces glowing with quiet richness against a subdued background. This balance between meticulous detail and atmospheric harmony reflects Dunning’s mastery of elevating simple fruit into a timeless meditation on abundance and beauty. Works like Apples helped establish the reputation of the Fall River School, positioning Dunning as one of the foremost still-life painters of his generation.

The painting has also enjoyed a distinguished journey through the art world. Originally in a private Massachusetts collection, it was sold at Christie’s New York in 1985, later entering the renowned Manoogian Collection before passing through Michael Altman Fine Art in New York. Its reappearance at Christie’s in January 2025, in the sale American Sublime: Property from an Important Private Collection, confirmed its enduring appeal: estimated at $100,000–150,000, Apples realized $100,800. Both as a work of art and as an object of collecting, Dunning’s Apples remains a striking testament to the lasting value of beauty captured with honesty and care.

Just as Robert Frost’s apple-picking drifts toward sleep, Robert Spear Dunning’s Apples seems to pause time, the fruit perfectly gathered, yet on the verge of passing. It’s a reminder that the beauty of harvest is always fleeting, and that food, so ordinary in appearance, is in fact precious. On World Food Day, as nations unite to face hunger and poverty, this simple still life becomes more than art: it becomes a quiet call to gratitude, and to generosity.

For a PowerPoint Presentation of Robert Spear Dunning’s oeuvre, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6519615?ldp_breadcrumb=back and https://www.godelfineart.com/artists/robert-spear-dunning

Guido Mazzoni’s Portrait of an Old Man

Guido Mazzoni, c. 1445-1518
Head of a Man, 1480s, Polychrome Terracotta, Height: 26 cm, Galleria Estense, Modena, Italy – Photo Credit: Amalia Spiliakou, April 2025

Among the many treasures of Renaissance Modena, Guido Mazzoni’s Portrait of an Old Man stands out as a striking testament to the artist’s gift for capturing human presence in all its fragile dignity. Unlike the idealised faces often associated with the period, this work confronts the viewer with unmistakable signs of age, including wrinkles, sagging skin, and weary eyes, rendered with sculptural intensity. It is a portrait that resists flattery, instead offering an unvarnished meditation on mortality and memory, reminding us that true artistry lies not only in beauty but in truth.

Guido Mazzoni (c. 1445–1518), also known as Il Modanino, was an Italian sculptor celebrated for his extraordinary terracotta figures that combined lifelike detail with deep emotional resonance. Born in Modena, he trained in the local artistic traditions before developing a distinctive style that blended Renaissance naturalism with theatrical intensity. His talent for capturing individuality and human vulnerability is especially evident in his devotional groups, such as the famous Lamentation over the Dead Christ in Modena, where each figure is imbued with unique gestures and striking realism.

Mazzoni’s reputation spread beyond his native city, earning him commissions in Ferrara, Naples, and even at the French court of Charles VIII, where he created funerary monuments that secured his international acclaim. Though he worked in an era dominated by marble and bronze, his masterful use of painted terracotta gave his sculptures an immediacy and humanity that resonated deeply with contemporary audiences. Today, he is remembered as a pioneer of Renaissance naturalism, a sculptor who elevated humble clay into a medium of profound psychological and spiritual depth.

Mazzoni’s terracotta portraits hold a special place within Renaissance art, bridging devotional practice and the emerging culture of individual likeness. Unlike the idealised forms of classical revival, his works present faces lined with age, grief, or quiet dignity, revealing a concern for truthful representation rarely achieved in sculpture of the time. These portraits not only embodied the Renaissance fascination with humanism and personal identity but also offered a powerful medium for viewers to confront mortality and faith in profoundly tangible form. Through his clay figures, Mazzoni expanded the role of portraiture from commemoration to intimate encounter, leaving behind works that still speak with raw immediacy across centuries.

Guido Mazzoni, c. 1445-1518
Head of a Man, 1480s, Polychrome Terracotta, Height: 26 cm, Galleria Estense, Modena, Italy https://www.facebook.com/groups/203138520642/posts/10168057091855643/

Mazzoni’s Portrait of an Old Man, formally titled Head of a Man, is a strikingly naturalistic polychrome terracotta bust dating to the 1480s and currently housed in Modena’s Galleria Estense. What appears today as a standalone head was likely cut from a larger Passion-group sculpture, either a Lamentation or adoration scene, functioning perhaps as the representation of a donor within a devotional tableau. The life-sized head, richly painted and finely modelled, reveals Mazzoni’s remarkable ability to render individual features, the drooping jawline, deeply incised wrinkles, stippled beard, and even the weathered texture of aged skin, in a way that seems to echo the direct observation, almost like a moulded life cast sculpted into clay. The sitter’s berettone (a type of upper-class hat) further hints at his social status, lending an air of quiet dignity rather than theatrical grandeur.

What makes this terracotta portrait especially compelling is its unvarnished realism. Mazzoni does not smooth away the signs of ageing; instead, he embraces them, allowing each line, sagging plane, and subtle blemish to coexist with a steady, penetrating gaze, a gaze that forges an intimate, psychologically charged connection with the viewer. Smarthistory underscores how the painted surface, though now restored, would have once enhanced the illusion of living flesh, infusing the clay with lifelike presence and emotional resonance. In the Renaissance context, such individuality marked a departure from idealised portrayals. It connected deeply with humanist ideals: the acknowledgement of personal identity, wisdom that comes with age, and the blending of spiritual humility with worldly reality. As part of a devotional ensemble, this head may have invited viewers to see the donor, and by extension themselves, as active participants in spiritual reflection and empathy, all rendered in a medium both accessible and profoundly expressive.

For a PowerPoint Presentation of Guido Mazzoni’s oeuvre, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://smarthistory.org/guido-mazzoni-head-of-a-man/ and https://www.artsupp.com/en/artists/guido-mazzoni/testa-di-vecchio and https://gallerie-estensi.beniculturali.it/blog/longform/guardare-all-anima-delle-opere/

Poliochne on Lemnos

Poliochne on Lemnos, one of the earliest European settlements (Early Bronze Age, c. 3200–2100 BCE), with its maze-like houses and public squares revealing the social organization and daily life of its inhabitants. – Photo Credit: Amalia Spiliakou, July 2025

Visiting the ancient settlement of Poliochne on Lemnos offered a rare opportunity to step directly into the early stages of European urban history. Walking among the remains of its carefully planned streets and multi-roomed houses, I was struck by how vividly the site conveys the ingenuity and social organization of its Bronze Age inhabitants. Poliochne, often regarded as one of Europe’s earliest towns, reveals a level of architectural and cultural sophistication that challenges modern assumptions about prehistoric life. Through the photographs I captured on-site, I hope to share both the tangible traces of this remarkable settlement and the sense of awe that comes from encountering a place where history feels immediately present.

Poliochne, on the eastern coast of Lemnos, flourished as a major urban center of the Early Bronze Age. Established around the mid-fifth millennium BC and occupied until the end of the second millennium BC, it prospered thanks to its strategic location between Asia Minor and the Aegean, with safe anchorage, fertile land, and abundant freshwater. Archaeological evidence reveals a sophisticated settlement with strong fortifications, public squares, paved streets with drains, wells, and both modest houses and large mansions, reflecting a complex social and civic structure. Its development unfolded through successive cultural phases, marked by advances in architecture, pottery, metallurgy, and trade, while its decline in the late third millennium was likely triggered by a devastating earthquake. Closely connected to Troy, Thermi on Lesbos, and other centers of the Northeast Aegean, Poliochne was a hub of commerce and innovation, leaving a lasting imprint on early urban life in the wider region.

Opened in the west side of the settlement at Poliochne is the main gate, terminus also of the central thoroughfare 102. Both the street and the gateway appear to have been part of the first urban plan of the settlement, which is dated to the Blue period, and were kept unchanged throughout almost its entire existence, with some additions and local interventions. 
Photo Credit: Amalia Spiliakou, July 2025

Poliochne, first established during the Final Neolithic period, developed through successive architectural phases that archaeologists have identified by color. In the earliest Black Period (3700–3200 BC), a modest cluster of oval huts built of wood and straw stood at the hill’s center. The following Blue Period (3200–2700 BC) saw dramatic growth: the settlement expanded, a fortification wall was erected on the mainland side, and the urban plan became more organized. Oval huts gave way to apsidal and oblong houses, and public buildings began to appear, including the so-called Bouleuterion, likely a meeting hall for civic leaders, and a large communal granary capable of storing vast quantities of food. By the Green Period (2700–2400 BC), the city expanded further northward with new retaining walls, extended defenses, redesigned gates, and a carefully laid-out road system with squares and wells, reflecting a thriving and increasingly complex urban society.

One of the most intriguing aspects of Poliochni is the evidence of democratic structures within its society. Central to this is the “Bouleuterion,” a communal meeting space that points to the practice of collective decision-making, It served as a gathering place for the city’s inhabitants to discuss and decide on matters of common interest, reflecting an early form of democratic governance.
https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/poliochni-of-lemnos-the-oldest-city-in-europe-and-a-cradle-of-democracy and Photo Credit: Amalia Spiliakou, July 2025

In the Red and Yellow Periods (2400–2100 BC), Poliochne contracted in size but reached a peak in monumental architecture. This was the era of the first megarons, rectangular halls that may have served as proto-palatial residences or civic buildings, such as Megaron 832 and Megaron 317. The city’s centerpiece in the Yellow Period was Megaron 605, a grand structure with storerooms situated on a central square, thought to have been the seat of a ruler or elite household. The discovery nearby of a golden hoard, comparable to treasures unearthed at Troy, underscores Poliochne’s wealth and regional importance. A well-preserved network of streets, including a main north–south thoroughfare, demonstrates advanced urban planning. Yet, around 2100 BC, a devastating earthquake destroyed much of the settlement, leading to its gradual decline. Later phases, the Brown and Purple Periods (2100–1200 BC), saw only sparse occupation without the monumental scale of earlier centuries, marking the fading of one of Europe’s earliest urban centers.

Archaeological excavations at Poliochne began in the 1930s under the direction of the Italian School of Archaeology at Athens, led by Alessandro Della Seta, who uncovered nearly two-thirds of the site between 1931 and 1936. These pioneering investigations revealed the multi-phased settlement and established Poliochne as one of the earliest urban centers in Europe. Further campaigns were carried out between 1951 and 1956 by Luigi Bernabò Brea, whose detailed publications systematized the site’s stratigraphy and architectural sequence. Renewed work in the late 20th century, under Sandro Tiné, combined excavation with architectural restoration and conservation, re-examining earlier findings with modern methods. Today, the site remains an exemplary case of early Aegean archaeology, where stratigraphic precision and long-term international collaboration have illuminated the development of urban life in the prehistoric Aegean.

For a PowerPoint Presentation of the Bronze Age Seplement of Poliochne, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2534 and https://www.greeknewsagenda.gr/poliochne-on-the-island-of-lemnos-the-earliest-evidence-of-social-and-civic-structure-in-europe/ and https://sites.dartmouth.edu/aegean-prehistory/lessons/lesson-7-narrative/

John George Brown’s Sunshine

John George Brown, American Artist, 1831-1913
Sunshine, 1879, Oil on Canvas, 35.6 x 50.8 cm, Private Collection https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6519604?ldp_breadcrumb=back

As the golden light of summer begins its slow retreat, John George Brown’s Sunshine offers a final, tender embrace of those lingering warm rays. With its lyrical depiction of Victorian leisure, the oil-on-canvas scene captures a young woman bathed in radiant light, an atmosphere that echoes the fading warmth of long, sun-drenched days. Through ‘brilliant light, casual composition, and broad technique,’ Brown evokes both the romantic freedom and gentle nostalgia of the season, recalling the delicate balance between exuberance and quiet reflection. As we bid adieu to summer’s glow, Sunshine becomes more than a visual reverie, it’s a timeless farewell, a glowing testament to moments that warm us before they fade.

Beyond its seasonal resonance, John George Brown’s Sunshine exemplifies the artist’s broader role in shaping American genre painting during the Gilded Age. Though Brown is most often celebrated for his sympathetic portrayals of New York’s working-class children, this work demonstrates his ability to adapt genre traditions toward more idealized, pastoral subjects. Painted at a moment when American collectors were increasingly drawn to images of leisure and natural light, Sunshine reflects both Victorian tastes and the transatlantic influence of European Realism. Its luminous treatment of the figure, suffused with warmth, captures not only the immediacy of a passing season but also the cultural desire to preserve beauty and repose in an era marked by rapid urban and industrial transformation.

John George Brown (1831–1913) was an English-born American painter whose career epitomized the rise of genre painting in the United States during the late 19th century. Trained at the Newcastle-on-Tyne School of Design and later at the Trustees’ Academy in Edinburgh, Brown immigrated to New York in 1853, where he continued his studies at the National Academy of Design. Settling in a rapidly industrializing city, he soon gained recognition for his sympathetic yet idealized depictions of street urchins, bootblacks, and newspaper boys, subjects that resonated with both middle-class sentiment and a growing market for accessible, narrative art.

Over the course of his career, John George Brown became one of the most commercially successful and widely collected American artists of his generation. Elected a full Academician of the National Academy of Design in 1861, he exhibited regularly at major venues, including the Brooklyn Art Association and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. His sympathetic depictions of New York’s street children, bootblacks, newsboys, and flower sellers, proved especially popular, combining technical polish with moral uplift in ways that resonated deeply with middle-class audiences. Frequently reproduced in engravings and widely circulated prints, these works extended his reach beyond elite collectors, making Brown a household name and helping to shape the visual culture of the Gilded Age. While some critics dismissed his art as overly sentimental, his keen eye for character and his ability to elevate humble subjects into enduring images of resilience secured his place in American art history.

Yet Sunshine reveals another, often overlooked facet of Brown’s career: his turn toward more pastoral and idealized visions. In contrast to the grit and industriousness of his urban street children, the painting presents a figure suffused with warmth and leisure, bathed in radiant light. This departure demonstrates not only Brown’s versatility as a genre painter but also his sensitivity to the shifting tastes of his audience. At a time when collectors increasingly sought images of repose and natural beauty, Sunshine offered a vision of serenity and seasonal transience, echoing both Victorian ideals of leisure and the transatlantic influence of European Realism. Whereas his street children embodied perseverance amid hardship, here Brown captures a more reflective mood, an image less about survival and more about savoring a fleeting moment, marking his ability to balance sentiment with subtle lyricism.

By capturing this delicate interplay between seasonal reflection and artistic innovation, Sunshine not only broadened the scope of American genre painting but also exemplifies Brown’s responsiveness to the evolving tastes of Gilded Age collectors. The work stands as a testament to his enduring versatility, balancing sentiment and refinement while securing his place among the most celebrated figures of nineteenth-century American art.

For a PowerPoint Presentation of John George Brown’s oeuvre, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6519604?ldp_breadcrumb=back and https://www.questroyalfineart.com/artist/john-george-brown/