The Consular Diptych of Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius

by ArchaeologyArtByzantine ArtByzantine IvoriesByzantiumEarly Christian ArtEducationMuseumsSocial StudiesStudent ActivitiesWorksheets
Consul Basilio with personification of Rome and chariot race, 541 – 541, Plaque of an Ivory Consular Diptych, 34.5×12.9 cm, National Museum of Bargello, Florence, Italy – Photo Credit: Amalia Spiliakou, April 2025
Ivory Angel fragment of a diptych valve, 6th Century, Ivory, Museum of Ancient Art in the Castello Sforzesco, Milan, Italy
https://www.alamy.com/ivory-angel-from-bottega-romana-fragment-of-a-diptych-valve-6th-century-museum-of-ancient-art-in-the-castello-sforzesco-sforza-castle-in-milan-italy-image223703517.html

The Bargello panel of The Consular Diptych of Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius (consul in 541 AD) offers a vivid glimpse into the ceremonial splendor and political symbolism of late antiquity. Carved in fine ivory, the plaque depicts the Consul Basilio standing frontally beside the personification of Rome, who crowns him with a laurel wreath, a timeless emblem of civic and military virtue. Below unfolds a chariot race, a rare and dynamic motif symbolizing the public games that marked the consul’s inauguration. The consul holds both the scipio topped with a cross and the mappa circensis, the cloth used to signal the start of the races, fusing Christian and traditional Roman imagery in a moment of political theater.

Once hinged to a now-separated companion leaf, the Milan panel (Avori 10, Castello Sforzesco), the Bargello relief would have formed one side of a luxurious diptych presented to commemorate Basilius’s consulship. The Milan fragment, showing Victory presenting the consul’s portrait within a clipeus, completes the scene’s message of divine favor and public virtue. Together, these ivories capture the final flowering of the consular tradition, bridging Roman civic ideals and Byzantine court aesthetics, and reflecting a world where art served both as devotion and as declaration of power.

Consular diptychs were luxurious paired ivory panels created in the late Roman and early Byzantine periods to commemorate the inauguration of a consul, one of the highest offices in the empire. Traditionally carved on the inside to hold wax for writing, these diptychs evolved by the 4th and 5th centuries into richly decorated ceremonial gifts rather than practical objects. Newly appointed consuls commissioned them to celebrate their accession and distributed them to friends, allies, and dignitaries as tokens of prestige and gratitude. The front surfaces were elaborately carved with scenes of the consul’s investiture, imperial imagery, or allegorical figures such as Victory or Rome, while inscriptions proclaimed the consul’s name and titles. Their iconography—often showing the consul presiding over games, dispensing largesse, or associated with divine favor—served to reaffirm the continuity of Roman civic traditions even as imperial power shifted eastward to Constantinople.

Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius, consul in 541 CE, was a distinguished member of the ancient and influential Anicii family, one of the last great senatorial lineages of Rome. His career unfolded during a turbulent period in the Gothic War and the final years of the Western Roman aristocracy. Before attaining the consulship, Basilius held prominent administrative posts, including comes domesticorum (commander of the imperial household guard) and patricius, titles that reflected both his rank and his proximity to the imperial court. Appointed consul by Emperor Justinian I, he was the last man to hold the title in the Western tradition. After his term, the consulship ceased to exist as an independent civic office and became an imperial prerogative. His consular games, commemorated by the magnificent ivory diptych now divided between Florence and Milan, symbolized both the enduring prestige of Rome’s senatorial elite and the transformation of Roman political culture under Byzantine rule. Basilius’s life thus marks a poignant historical threshold: he stood at the end of Rome’s ancient civic offices and the dawn of a new, imperial order dominated by Constantinople.

The Consular Diptych of Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius, divided today between the Bargello Museum in Florence and the Museo delle Arti Decorative in Milan, stands as one of the most compelling survivals of sixth-century ivory art. Created in 541 CE to commemorate Basilius’s consulship—the last in the Western Roman tradition—the two panels once formed a hinged pair, uniting political ceremony, imperial iconography, and refined craftsmanship. The Bargello panel represents the consul’s public and civic identity, while the Milan plaque embodies the divine and honorific aspects of his role, creating a complete visual narrative of authority and virtue.

Consul Basilio with personification of Rome and chariot race, 541 – 541, Plaque of an Ivory Consular Diptych, 34.5×12.9 cm, National Museum of Bargello, Florence, Italy – Photo Credit: Amalia Spiliakou, April 2025

The Bargello panel presents Basilius standing frontally in full consular regalia beside the personification of Rome, who crowns him with a laurel wreath, a symbol of victory and civic honor. In his hands, the consul holds the scipio topped with a cross and the mappa circensis, signaling the opening of the chariot races carved below in vivid relief, where teams of four-horse chariots turn around the spina of the circus. This combination of Christian and traditional Roman imagery reflects the fusion of old civic ritual with new imperial faith. The Milan plaque, by contrast, depicts a winged Victory seated on a globe, her feet resting on an eagle’s outstretched wings as she presents a clipeus containing Basilius’s portrait. Around it runs the inscription BONO REI PVBLICAE ET ITERVM (For the good of the Republic, and again), proclaiming the consul’s service to the state. Together, these compositions balance earthly power and celestial sanction, merging public ceremony with divine endorsement.

Aesthetically, the two panels reveal both unity and distinction. The Bargello panel is dense and narrative, crowded with human figures and architectural motifs that emphasize movement and civic spectacle. The Milan panel, in contrast, is more restrained and idealized, its composition centered, symmetrical, and imbued with spiritual calm. The Milanese Victory, delicately modeled and classically poised, recalls earlier Roman traditions of divine personification, while the Bargello figures are more rigid, their proportions elongated, their gestures formalized in the emerging Byzantine style. The difference in tone, public versus celestial, active versus contemplative, suggests that the two leaves were designed as complementary expressions of the same ideology: the earthly authority of the consul validated by divine and imperial favor.

Viewed together, the two ivories encapsulate the final synthesis of Roman civic art and Byzantine symbolism. They celebrate the consulship not merely as an office but as a sacred performance of continuity between past and present, Rome and Constantinople, man and empire. Their divided survival, one in Florence, one in Milan, mirrors the historical fragmentation of the world that produced them, yet their shared message endures: that power, piety, and artistic excellence could still converge in the twilight of antiquity. As such, the diptych of Basilius stands not only as a testament to individual glory but as a poignant farewell to the visual language of Roman public life.

For a Student Activity, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: Representing consulship: on the conception and meanings of the consular diptychs, by Cecilia Olovsdotter, OpAthRom 4, 2011, 99-124 https://www.academia.edu/11849854/Representing_consulship_on_the_conception_and_meanings_of_the_consular_diptychs_OpAthRom_4_2011_99_124?utm_source=chatgpt.com and https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/0900645430

Empress Ariadne

by ArtByzantine ArtByzantine IvoriesByzantiumEarly Christian ArtStudent ActivitiesWorksheets
Empress Ariadne (detail), around 500 AD, Ivory, Height: 36,5 cm,The Bargello Museum, Florence, Italy – Photo Credit: Marya Stamatiadi April 2025

In the heart of Late Antique Constantinople, luxury art served not only as decoration but as a statement of power and identity. Among these treasures are two exquisite ivory plaques, generally attributed to portray Empress Ariadne (r. 474–515), now housed in the Bargello Museum in Florence and the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. While scholars debate their exact identification, these delicate carvings offer a rare glimpse into the artistry and political symbolism of the early Christian Byzantine court.

Empress Ariadne, around 500 AD, Ivory, Height: 36,5 cm,The Bargello Museum, Florence, Italy – Photo Credit: Marya Stamatiadi April 2025
Empress Ariadne, around 500 AD, Ivory, Height: 26,5 cm,Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria
https://www.khm.at/en/artworks/kaiserin-ariadne-71782-1

The late 5th and early 6th centuries were a period of significant political and religious transformation. Ariadne, the daughter of Emperor Leo I and Empress Verina, became central to dynastic succession at a time when no male heir was available. Married first to Emperor Zeno, she played a mediating role during his often turbulent reign. After his death, Ariadne married Anastasios, a palace official (silentiarius) whom she helped elevate to the throne, securing imperial stability. If the ivory plaques do depict her, they present not only an image of an empress consort but also of a figure who embodied dynastic continuity and wielded real political influence in Constantinople.

The Bargello plaque, cataloged as part of a larger pentittico (five-panel composition), presents a standing female figure dressed in imperial robes and facing frontally. Executed in carved and incised ivory with traces of paint, it has been compared to major works such as the Barberini Ivory, and scholars have proposed that it may once have formed part of the same ensemble as the Vienna plaque. Stylistic affinities with consular diptychs, such as those of Aerobindus and Anastasius, suggest a date around 500 AD. While rival identifications have been proposed, the attribution to Ariadne remains the most recurrent. The ivory entered the Bargello in the 19th century through an exchange, further adding to its layered history as both a Byzantine and a modern collectible.

Empress Ariadne, around 500 AD, Ivory, Height: 36,5 cm,The Bargello Museum, Florence, Italy – Photo Credit: Marya Stamatiadi April 2025
Empress Ariadne, around 500 AD, Ivory, Height: 26,5 cm,Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria
https://www.khm.at/en/artworks/kaiserin-ariadne-71782-1

By contrast, the Vienna plaque shows the empress enthroned beneath a shell-shaped baldachin, flanked by eagles, symbols of imperial authority. Dated to around 500 AD, the ivory portrays the ruler richly adorned, holding a sphaira topped with a cross in her left hand while raising her right in a gesture of blessing. The throne, the globe and cross, and the orant-like pose emphasize divine sanction and ceremonial majesty over individual portraiture. Classified as Early Byzantine, the plaque passed from the Riccardi collection in Florence into the Kunsthistorisches Museum, where it remains a centerpiece of the Antikensammlung.

Empress Ariadne, around 500 AD, Ivory, Height: 36,5 cm,The Bargello Museum, Florence, Italy – Photo Credit: Marya Stamatiadi April 2025
Empress Ariadne, around 500 AD, Ivory, Height: 26,5 cm,Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria
https://www.khm.at/en/artworks/kaiserin-ariadne-71782-1

Taken together, the two plaques, one depicting the empress standing in ceremonial presence, the other enthroned in majesty, illustrate complementary aspects of imperial power. They exemplify the Constantinopolitan fusion of classical forms with emerging Christian symbolism, and, if indeed they represent Ariadne, they also illuminate the ways in which an empress could embody both dynastic continuity and divine legitimacy during a pivotal moment in Byzantine history.

Early Christian Ivory Treasures in The Bargello Museum, Florence, Italy – Photo Credit: Marya Stamatiadi April 2025

Today, the Bargello and Vienna ivory plaques continue to captivate scholars and visitors alike, not only for their exquisite craftsmanship but also for the historical questions they raise. Whether or not they truly portray Ariadne, they stand as rare survivals of Constantinopolitan ivory carving, embodying the fusion of imperial image-making and Christian symbolism. Through them, we glimpse both the artistry of a vibrant court and the enduring allure of an empress whose legacy shaped the transition of power at a crucial moment in Byzantine history.

For a Student Activity, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-04469-3_4 and https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/0901395336 and https://www.khm.at/en/artworks/kaiserin-ariadne-71782-1

Head of Aphrodite of the Aspremont-Lynden/Arles type 

by Ancient Greek ArtArchaeologyArtByzantiumEarly Christian ArtEducationGreek ArtRoman ArtSculptureSocial StudiesStudent ActivitiesWorksheets
Head of Aphrodite of the Aspremont-Lynden/Arles type, 1st c. AD copy of an original 4th century BC work by Praxiteles, Marble, possibly Parian (Marathi), Height: 32 cm, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece
https://blogs.getty.edu/iris/the-christian-empire-that-grew-from-classical-roots/

The Head of Aphrodite of the Aspremont-Lynden/Arles type, housed in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, offers a compelling glimpse into the classical ideals of beauty and divinity shaped by the legacy of Praxiteles. As a copy of a lost 4th-century BC original, possibly the first known depiction of Aphrodite with a nude upper body, this sculptural type reflects the evolving representation of the goddess, bridging the serene sensuality of the Aphrodite of Knidos with the more voluptuous forms of later works like the Aphrodite of Melos. The surviving head, now divorced from its torso, carries echoes of a refined, yet idealized femininity that would influence Roman and Renaissance aesthetics alike. Its later restoration by François Girardon, under the patronage of Louis XIV, introduced symbolic elements like the mirror and apple, both deeply charged with mythological meaning, underscoring not just Aphrodite’s divine allure, but also the enduring power of classical art to adapt to new cultural narratives. An incised cross on her forehead, likely added in the early Christian era, marks a moment when pagan imagery was recontextualized within a new religious worldview.

Carved from Parian marble, the Head of Aphrodite once belonged to an over-life-size statue of a clothed Aphrodite, though some scholars have suggested it may instead portray the famed courtesan Phryne due to its individualized features. The face, turned slightly to the right, is serene and harmonious, with soft, fleshy contours and delicately incised features: a smooth triangular forehead framed by parted curls, a broad nose (now broken), full lips, and a rounded chin. A thick bun gathers the hair at the nape, secured by a wide band. The eyes, beneath gently curved brows, show signs of deliberate Christian-era defacement, likely part of an effort to “close” the eyes and “silence” the mouth. A small, incised cross on the forehead reinforces this reinterpretation of pagan art within a Christian context, suggesting the statue may have been reused as a sacred image. Despite the damage, most notably to the nose and facial extremities, the head remains in relatively good condition and serves as a compelling testament to both the endurance of classical ideals and their transformation in later religious and cultural landscapes.

Head of Aphrodite of the Aspremont-Lynden/Arles type, 1st c. AD copy of an original 4th century BC work by Praxiteles, Marble, possibly Parian (Marathi), Height: 32 cm, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece
https://x.com/ArysPan/status/1513155769000247301/photo/1

The statue’s discovery near the Clock of Andronikos Kyrrhestes in the Roman Agora of Athens further grounds it in the layered urban fabric of ancient Athens, where temples, markets, and later churches coexisted and often repurposed one another’s remains. This setting, close to the sanctuary of Aphrodite and Eros on the north slope of the Acropolis, reinforces the likelihood that the statue originally served a votive or cultic function. The artistic style—marked by its naturalistic modeling, graceful asymmetry, and subtle anatomical details like the “Venus rings” on the neck—embodies the Praxitelian ideal of ethereal beauty softened by human warmth. In this way, the head is not only a remnant of a once-complete devotional image but also a rare survivor of artistic transitions: from Classical to Hellenistic, pagan to Christian, and ultimately, from sacred object to museum artifact.

For a Student Activity, please… Check HERE

Bibliography: https://blogs.getty.edu/iris/the-christian-empire-that-grew-from-classical-roots/ and https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010277986

Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople

by 15th century ArtArtByzantiumItalian Renaissance ArtRenaissanceRenaissance ArtSocial StudiesStudent ActivitiesWorksheets
Tomb of Joseph II Patriarch of Constantinople, Florentine sculptor, 1440, Santa Maria Novella, Florence
Painted Portrait of Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople, 1590-92, Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy
Photo credit: Amalia Spiliakou, April 2025

Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople was a pivotal figure in the history of the Eastern Orthodox Church, most notably for his participation in the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438–1439), a major attempt to reconcile the long-standing schism between the Eastern and Western Christian churches. As the spiritual leader of the Eastern delegation, he played a crucial role in the theological dialogues aimed at achieving ecclesiastical unity. Though the union was short-lived, his involvement marked a significant moment of engagement between East and West. Patriarch Joseph II passed away during the council in Florence in 1439, and fittingly, his tomb remains in the Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella, an enduring symbol of his commitment to bridging divided faiths.

Born around 1360, likely in Constantinople, he was of noble origin and possibly related, on his father’s side, to the Bulgarian royal family. Before rising to the patriarchate, Joseph became a monk on Mount Athos and later served as the Metropolitan of Ephesus. In 1416, he was elected Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leading the Orthodox Church during a time of both spiritual and geopolitical crisis as the Byzantine Empire faced increasing pressure from the advancing Ottoman Turks.

A staunch supporter of church unity, Joseph II was a central participant in the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438–1445), convened to heal the East-West Schism between the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. His delegation sought Western military aid in exchange for theological concessions, a strategy driven by the empire’s desperate political situation. Despite his ill health, Joseph played a vital role in the negotiations, advocating dialogue and reconciliation. He died in Florence on June 10, 1439, before the council concluded, and was buried with honor in the church of Santa Maria Novella. His tomb remains there today, a rare and poignant symbol of his commitment to Christian unity and the enduring legacy of his leadership in a time of upheaval.

Although no literary or theological works by Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople are known to have survived, his contemporaries spoke highly of his intellect and character. Ambrogio Traversari, in a letter dated February 20, 1438, praised him as venerable, so refined, with common sense, experience in life, and added, in my judgment, I think that today one could not find his like in all of Greece [Byzantium], noting that their conversation and the patriarch’s demeanor arouses respect. In Personalities of the Council of Florence, and Other Essays, Joseph Gill echoes this view, portraying Joseph II as a spiritually and intellectually vibrant leader despite his old age and deteriorating health. Nearly eight years old and suffering from heart disease, the Patriarch nonetheless demonstrated keen insight, prudent judgment, and steadfast dedication to the cause of church union until his death in Florence, shortly before the council concluded.

The Tomb of Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople in the church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, is a striking monument that reflects both historical reverence and artistic devotion. Created by a Florentine sculptor around 1440, the tomb commemorates the Eastern Patriarch who died in Florence during the Council of Florence, a major attempt at reunifying the Eastern and Western Churches. A later painted portrait (1590–92) complements the sculptural work, offering a vivid image of the patriarch. Ambrogio Traversari, a key figure in the council and admirer of Joseph II, described him with deep respect… The father is old, and, like his age, his grey hair, long beard and face make him a venerable figure to all who see him. This description is poignantly echoed in both the tomb and the painting, which together convey the spiritual dignity and serene wisdom of a man who symbolized unity and holiness at a crucial moment in church history. https://www.scribd.com/document/688389117/GILL-J-Personalities-of-the-Council-of-Florence-Joseph-II

For a Student Activity, please… Check HERE!

Byzantine Engagement Ring in the Stathatos Collection

by ArtByzantine ArtByzantine JewelryByzantiumGreek ArtJewelryStudent ActivitiesWorksheets
Engagement Ring with a Greek Inscription, about 1175–1300 AD, Gold and enamel, Diameter: 2.1 x 2.3 cm, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece
Image courtesy of the National Archaeological Museum, Athens
https://blogs.getty.edu/iris/put-a-ring-on-it/

In the shimmering glow of Byzantium’s golden age, love and faith were often sealed in objects of exquisite craftsmanship and deep symbolic meaning. Among these treasures, Byzantine Engagement Rings stand as powerful tokens of devotion, not only between husband and wife but also to God. One such remarkable example is the Byzantine Engagement Ring in the Stathatos Collection, adorned with intricate enamel decoration, reflecting the era’s profound intertwining of romance and spirituality. This ring, much like the art and culture of its time, serves as a testament to a society where marriage was both a sacred bond and a reflection of divine harmony. Let us explore the beauty, symbolism, and historical significance of this extraordinary artifact.

Ashley Hilton’s Getty IRIS blog post, “Put a Ring On It,” sparked my curiosity about the deep personal and historical narratives embedded in Byzantine jewelry, particularly the Byzantine gold ring of Goudeles from the Stathatos Collection. This ring, inscribed with a dedication to a lady named Maria, serves as a tangible testament to love, devotion, and identity in the Byzantine world. Hilton’s discussion of the ring inspired me to delve deeper into its historical and social context, as well as the role of the Goudeles family in Byzantine society.

So, let’s explore the ‘who’, ‘how’ and ‘what’ of this amazing Byzantine Engagement Ring by posing some questions!

Who was Goudeles and who was Maria, and what do we know about their identity or social status in Byzantine society? The name “Goudeles” is associated with a prominent Byzantine family active from the 11th to the 15th centuries. Members of this family held various significant positions within the Byzantine Empire. The gold engagement ring from the Stathatos Collection bears an inscription (on bezel): MNHCTΡΟΝ |ΔΙΔΟΜΗΓΟΥ | ΔΕΛΗC M | AΡHA (I, Goudeles, give this engagement ring to Maria). While the exact identity of Goudeles and Maria remains uncertain, the ring’s craftsmanship and materials suggest that both the bride and the groom lived during the late 12th early 13th centuries, and belonged to wealthy and possibly influential families. ​For the groom, given the family’s historical prominence, it’s plausible that the Goudeles who commissioned this ring was a member of this distinguished lineage, reflecting the family’s sustained status within Byzantine society.

What was the historical significance of the Goudeles family in the Byzantine Empire? The Goudeles family was a prominent Byzantine lineage, contributing significantly to both the military and administrative sectors of the empire over several centuries. The earliest known reference to the family appears on a 10th-century lead seal, which mentions a member of the Goudeles family who held the titles of imperial protospatharios and strategos, signifying his high-ranking military status. However, the exact details of his service and the specific region he governed remain uncertain.

During the Komnenian period, one of the most notable figures was Basil Tzykandeles Goudeles, who married Eudokia Angelina, the daughter of Theodora Komnene and Constantine Angelos. This alliance linked the Goudeles family to the ruling Komnenian and Angelos dynasties, which produced emperors such as Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos.

In the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the Goudeles family strengthened its ties with the Palaiologan Dynasty through marriage. Among its distinguished members were Georgios Goudelis and Nicholas Goudelis. Georgios, in his testament, referred to himself as Ego Georgius Gudeles, servus prepotentis et sancti imperatoris et regis nostri (“I, George Gudeles, servant of our powerful and holy emperor and king”), reflecting his position within the Byzantine aristocracy. He served as mesazon (a chief ministerial role) under Emperors John V Palaiologos and Manuel II Palaiologos, assisting in governance and administration. Nicholas Goudeles, a diplomat in imperial service, was at one point considered for a high advisory position. During the final siege of Constantinople in 1453, he was among the defenders of the city’s Land Walls, and his fate after the city’s fall remains unknown. After the fall of Constantinople, members of the Goudeles family migrated to Italy, where they remained active in international commerce, particularly through cooperation with the maritime republic of Genoa.

Overall, the Goudeles family played a crucial role in Byzantine history, with members serving in high military, diplomatic, and administrative capacities. Their strategic alliances with ruling dynasties and their contributions to the empire’s governance reflect their lasting historical significance.

How does the design, decoration, and inscription of the Goudeles Engagement Ring in the Stathatos Collection showcase Byzantine artistry and symbolism? The Goudeles engagement ring in the Stathatos Collection is a fine example of inscribed Byzantine engagement jewelry, reflecting both artistic craftsmanship and social status. The ring’s band gradually widens to form an almost circular bezel. It is flat on the interior and slightly convex on the exterior, featuring an elaborate stylized vegetal decoration with intersecting blue spirals and green, red, and white flowers on its sides. The bezel is flat and contains a four-line inscription in blue enamel, framed within a green border. The intricate detailing, the use of precious materials, and the weight of the ring indicate that it likely belonged to a wealthy individual.

In Byzantine tradition, engagement rings (annuli pronubi), like wedding rings, were worn on the fourth digit (ring finger) of the left hand, as it was believed to have a direct connection to the heart, symbolizing eternal love and commitment. This ring exemplifies the fusion of Byzantine artistry, social hierarchy, and symbolic marital customs.

For a Student Activity, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://blogs.getty.edu/iris/put-a-ring-on-it/ and https://www.doaks.org/resources/seals/byzantine-seals/BZS.1958.106.3763 and ΣΟΛΩΜΟΥ Σ. (2019). Η συμβολή της μελέτης των διαθηκών της παλαιολόγειας περιόδου στην έρευνα των κοσμικών αξιωμάτων και τιμητικών τίτλων. Byzantina Symmeikta, 29, 25–72. https://doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.15563 and https://www.academia.edu/31240474/Heaven_and_Earth_Art_of_Byzantium_from_Greek_Collections_exh_cat_National_Gallery_of_Art_Washington_DC_J_P_Getty_Museum_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_Athens_2013_Edited_by_A_Drandaki_A_Tourta_and_D_Papanikola_Bakirtzi

Sosannah

by ArchaeologyArtByzantine ArtByzantiumEarly Christian ArtMedieval ArtPowerpoints
Funerary Wall Painting with Sosannah and the Elders, early 5th century, Fresco, 170 x 127 cm, Museum of Byzantine Culture, Thessaloniki, Greece https://www.lifo.gr/culture/arxaiologia/oi-toihografies-sta-tafika-mnimeia-sto-moyseio-byzantinoy-politismoy-tis

In the quiet hush of a walled garden, Sosannah, a woman of rare beauty and deeper virtue, sought solitude beneath the sun. But hidden behind aged branches and envy-clouded eyes, two elders — judges of the people — watched with corrupted hearts. When the moment came and she was alone, they emerged, casting off the mask of piety to reveal their lust. They cornered her with a cruel choice: submit to their desire or face a false accusation that would cost her life. But Sosannah, steadfast and unshaken, chose honor over life, her silence a cry to the heavens. Dragged before the assembly and condemned by perjury, her fate seemed sealed — until Daniel, youthful and divinely stirred, rose with clarity and courage. Separating the liars, he unraveled their tale with the sharp blade of truth, exposing their deceit. Justice turned its gaze, and the elders, once revered, fell by the very law they had twisted. And Sosannah, radiant in her innocence, stood free — a testament to the power of virtue and the triumph of truth… https://bible.usccb.org/bible/daniel/13

The story of Sosannah stands as a powerful symbol for the Christian Church — a portrait of moral courage, spiritual integrity, and trust in divine justice. She embodies the faithful soul, or even the Church itself, called to remain pure amid a world of temptation, false judgment, and the abuse of authority. Her unwavering stance reflects the Church’s vocation: to uphold truth and righteousness, even when isolated or under threat. In a culture that often rewards compromise, Sosannah’s quiet strength challenges believers to hold fast to virtue, trusting in God’s unseen hand.

The figures surrounding her — the corrupt elders and the righteous Daniel — deepen the symbolism. They represent, respectively, the danger of distorted power within religious institutions and the hope of divine intervention through the voice of the just. For the Church today, Sosannah’s story is less about the drama of her trial and more about the enduring truth it reveals: that God sees the heart, hears the cry of the innocent, and will ultimately vindicate the faithful. In this, Sosannah becomes not just a heroine of the past, but a guide for the present — a reminder that holiness is resilient, and truth, though buried for a time, will rise.

The Biblical story has inspired countless artists across centuries, drawn to its rich emotional tension and symbolic depth. In Renaissance and Baroque art especially, painters such as Rembrandt, Artemisia Gentileschi, and Tintoretto depicted the moment of confrontation in Sosannah’s garden — a scene ripe with psychological complexity. While some early depictions emphasized her beauty and vulnerability, later interpretations, particularly by women artists like Gentileschi, focused on Sosannah’s distress, resistance, and the moral corruption of the elders. These artworks often served as visual meditations on virtue under siege, the misuse of authority, and the strength of conscience. Through gestures, gazes, and the contrast of light and shadow, artists explored not only a biblical narrative but a timeless human drama — inviting viewers to contemplate justice, dignity, and divine vindication.

Funerary Wall Painting with Sosannah and the Elders, early 5th century, Fresco, 170 x 127 cm, Museum of Byzantine Culture, Thessaloniki, Greece https://www.lifo.gr/culture/arxaiologia/oi-toihografies-sta-tafika-mnimeia-sto-moyseio-byzantinoy-politismoy-tis

My favourite rendition of Sosannah’s story lies within the Museum of Byzantine Culture in Thessaloniki. It is a remarkable early Christian fresco on the west wall of a barrel-vaulted grave, presenting the biblical story of Sosannah and the Elders with both symbolic power and refined artistry. There’s something deeply moving about how this familiar biblical story comes to life through the quiet beauty of early Christian art. The composition is split into two parts: the lower register features a delicate thorakion slab with small pillars topped by pinecones — a soft, almost architectural whisper — while the upper zone bursts with meaning. There stands Sosannah, praying with solemn grace, flanked by two men whose agitation betrays their guilt. She’s framed by tall cypress trees that bend inward, as if the natural world itself leans in to witness this moment of trial and courage. Her footsteps slightly beyond the slab, reaching toward the viewer, as if inviting us to stand with her.

This fresco, dating to the fifth century, is not only a masterful example of early Christian funerary art but also a theological statement. The theme of Sosannah’s unjust accusation and divine vindication was especially resonant during a time when the Christian Church was defining its identity against the backdrop of intense doctrinal disputes and heresies. In this context, Sosannah becomes an allegory for the Church itself—pure, persecuted, and ultimately defended by divine truth. The expressive detail, naturalistic rendering of garments and foliage, and vibrant use of colour distinguish this fresco as one of the finest examples of its kind, blending artistic grace with profound spiritual symbolism.

For a PowerPoint Presentation, titled Sosannah in Painting, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: Heaven & Earth. Art of Byzantium from Greek Collections, Exhibition catalogue, A. Drandaki, D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi, A.Tourta (eds), Page 71 https://www.academia.edu/43062741/_Heaven_and_Earth_Art_of_Byzantium_from_Greek_Collections_Exhibition_catalogue_A_Drandaki_D_Papanikola_Bakirtzi_A_Tourta_eds_National_Gallery_of_Art_Washington_October_3_2013_March_2_2014_and_J_Paul_Getty_Museum_Los_Angeles_April_9_August_25_2014_Athens_2013_64_123_no_10_43

Personification of Spring

by ArchaeologyArtByzantine ArtByzantiumEarly Christian ArtEgyptEgyptian ArtStudent ActivitiesWorksheets
Tunic Decoration: Tabula (Square) with the Head of Spring, 5th – 7th centuryAD, Tapestry in multicolored Wool and Linen, 23.5 x 25 cm, the MET, NY, USA https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/444327

Christos Laskaris captures the essence of Spring in his evocative poem: ‘Διάβαζα ένα ποίημα για την άνοιξη / όταν την είδα / να έρχεται από μακριά: / μισή γυναίκα, / μισή όνειρο. / Κατέβαινε το μονοπάτι κάτω / στεφανωμένη / με άνθη κερασιάς. / Τότε κατάλαβα τι δύναμη έχουν τα ποιήματα. (I was reading a poem about Spring / when I saw her from afar: / half woman, / half dream. / She was going down the path / wreathed / with cherry blossoms. / That was when I understood the power poems hold.). These lines illustrate the transformative power of poetry, where words bloom into vivid imagery, evoking the ephemeral beauty and vitality of the season. As I reflected on Laskaris’s portrayal of Spring as ‘half woman, half dream,’ I was reminded of a small textile piece in the MET collection, a decorative artwork depicting the Personification of Spring. This intricate piece, adorned with motifs of blossoming flowers and a graceful figure, parallels the poem’s vision, embodying renewal and beauty in a tangible form. Together, the poem and the artwork highlight, I humbly believe, Spring’s timeless allure and its ability to inspire across art forms, reminding us of the season’s power to awaken imagination and connect us to the essence of life. https://e-keimena.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=510:poihmata-gia-thn-anoiksh&catid=149:poihmata-anoiksh&Itemid=54

Searching for information on Early Christian Textiles, I came across two booklets  I would like to share… and acting more like a Curator rather than a Teacher, I present you Textiles of Late Antiquity, a 1995 Metropolitan Museum of Art Publication, and Woven Interiors: Furnishing Early Medieval Egypt, an Exhibition Catalogue of 2020, organized by the George Washington University Museum, The Textile Museum, and Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.  https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Textiles_of_Late_Antiquity and https://museum.gwu.edu/woven-interiors-furnishing-early-medieval-egypt

This small tapestry panel from Egypt in the Metropolitan Museum in New York City, identified as: Tabula (Square) with the Head of Spring. is a remarkable example of Coptic textile art from the Early Christian period. It was originally an appliqué on a larger textile, likely part of a set adorning a garment. Woven from linen and wool, the piece measures just a few centimeters across but is rich in detail and vibrant in colour. The central figure is a personification of Spring, adorned with a wreath of pink blossoms that symbolize the season’s renewal and fertility. The figure is depicted in a frontal pose, dressed in flowing robes with intricate floral patterns that demonstrate Spring’s association with nature’s abundance, and the skill of the weaver. The panel’s relatively well-preserved state is a testament to Egypt’s hot, dry climate, which has safeguarded textiles that would have otherwise been lost to time.

Aesthetically, the panel is a harmonious blend of naturalistic detail and stylized design, characteristic of Coptic art. The vibrant colour palette, dominated by earthy tones and soft pinks, reflects the organic materials used in its creation and emphasizes the figure’s connection to nature. The composition is balanced, with the central figure drawing the viewer’s eye while the centrally placed floral elements create a sense of movement and vitality. The weaving technique, combining fine detail with bold forms, showcases the artistic and technical sophistication of the Coptic weavers. Symbolically, the personification of Spring embodies themes of renewal, prosperity, and the cycle of life, which held deep significance in both pagan and early Christian contexts. This small yet exquisite piece thus serves as both a functional decorative element and a meaningful cultural artifact, bridging artistic tradition and symbolic expression.

For a Student Activity inspired by the MET textile with the Personification of Spring, please… Check HERE!

Sweet Violet

by ArtByzantine ArtByzantine ManuscriptByzantiumEarly Christian ArtGreek ArtMedieval ArtPowerpoints
Sweet Violet, Vienna Dioscurides, Folio 148v, about 515 AD, Byzantine Greek Illuminated Manuscript of De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscurides, vellum folios measure 37 by 30 cm, Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Vienna https://jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net/topics/vienna+dioscurides?page=2

“The Vienna Dioscurides is a Byzantine Greek illuminated manuscript copy of “Medical Material” by Dioscorides, which was created in 515 AD. It is a rare surviving example of an illustrated ancient scientific and medical text… The original “De Materia Medica” or “On Medical Material” was first written between 50 and 70 CE by Pedanius Dioscorides. It is a pharmacopeia of medicinal plants and was widely read and used for more than 1,500 years… This specific manuscript copy was created in the Byzantine Empire’s capital, Constantinople, for the byzantine imperial princess, Anicia Juliana. She was the daughter of Anicius Olybrius, who had been one of the last Western Roman Emperors… The manuscript was presented to the princess in gratitude for her funding the construction of a church… The dedication miniature portrait of Anicia Juliana is the oldest surviving dedication portrait in a book…” I find it hard to encapsulate the manuscript’s significance more effectively. The Manuscript’s Folio 148 verso presenting Sweet Violet is my favourite!   https://joyofmuseums.com/ancient-manuscripts-and-historically-influential-books/vienna-dioscurides/

This manuscript serves as one of my chosen ‘canvases’ for celebrating the arrival of each month. My goal for 2025 is to present twelve artworks—one for each month of the year—featuring exquisite depictions of flowers that beautifully convey their essence, symbolism, and historical importance. This initiative is more than just a tribute to flowers; it serves as a personal invitation to pause each month and appreciate the harmonious relationship between nature and art. Join us as we uncover how artists have woven the language of flowers into their work, using them to convey themes of love, purity, resilience, and more, allowing us to experience the beauty of each month in a fresh and vibrant way.

With a rich history spanning over two millennia, Sweet Violet is imbued with deep meaning and symbolism, making it a cherished choice for various occasions. As the flower of the month for February, its delicate fragrance and subtle beauty captivate the senses, while its association with love, modesty, and remembrance ensures that Sweet Violet remain a timeless floral favorite.

Sweet Violets (Viola odorata), known for their delicate fragrance and dainty blooms, have a storied history in botany that spans thousands of years. Originating in Europe and parts of Asia, they were among the earliest flowers to be cultivated for both medicinal and ornamental purposes. The ancient Greeks and Romans revered the Sweet Violet, using it in herbal remedies, perfumes, and even as a symbol of love and modesty. In medieval times, its medicinal properties were documented in early botanical texts, where it was praised for its ability to soothe headaches, respiratory issues, and inflammation. Renowned botanists, including Pedanius Dioscorides, highlighted the violet’s therapeutic virtues in works like De Materia Medica. Over the centuries, the Sweet Violet has maintained its place in botanical studies as a plant of both scientific and cultural significance, admired for its beauty, fragrance, and enduring symbolism.

The name Sweet Violet derives from its botanical classification, Viola odorata, which highlights both its genus and its defining characteristic—its fragrance. The genus name Viola is rooted in Latin, adopted from the ancient Greek word ion, which referred to violets and was associated with myths and poetic traditions. The epithet odorata translates to ‘fragrant’ or ‘sweet-smelling’ in Latin, emphasizing the flower’s delicate and appealing scent. In Greek mythology, violets were linked to figures like Io, a mortal transformed into a heifer by Zeus, for whom the gods caused violets to bloom as a food source. Over time, the name sweet violet became synonymous with modesty, purity, and love, encapsulating the flower’s gentle beauty and enduring fragrance.

Folio 148 verso of the Vienna Dioscurides features a stunning depiction of the Sweet Violet (Viola odorata), a testament to the manuscript’s masterful blend of scientific accuracy and artistic beauty. The page showcases the violet’s delicate blossoms, rendered in soft shades of purple and violet, with meticulous attention to the gentle curvature of the petals and the fine detail of the green leaves. The naturalistic portrayal reflects the Byzantine artists’ commitment to capturing the essence of the plant, both as a botanical specimen and as an object of aesthetic admiration. The composition is harmonious and balanced, with the violets depicted in their natural form, seemingly alive on the page. Beyond its visual appeal, the illustration exemplifies the manuscript’s role as both a practical pharmacopeia and a work of art, celebrating the beauty of nature through precise lines, subtle color palettes, and elegant simplicity. This folio, like many others in the Vienna Dioscurides, elevates the scientific depiction of plants to a level of timeless artistic achievement.

For a PowerPoint Presentation on the Vienna Dioscuridis, please… Check HERE!

St John the Baptist and Four Saints

by ArtByzantine ArtByzantine IvoriesByzantiumEducationGreek ArtMedieval ArtSocial StudiesStudent ActivitiesWorksheets
St John the Baptist and Four Saints, c. 1000 AD, Elephant ivory with traces of gilding, 23.2×13.3cm, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St._John_
the_Baptist_and_saints,_c._1000_CE._
Ivory_with_traces_of_gilding._From_Constantinople,_Byzantine_
Empire_%28Istanbul,_Turkey%29._Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg

On the 7th of January, the Feast Day of Saint John the Baptist, the Greek Orthodox Church celebrates a significant figure in Christian tradition. His Apolytikio is a testimony to his elevated status… ‘The memory of the just is celebrated with hymns of praise, but the Lord’s testimony is sufficient for thee, O Forerunner; for thou hast proved to be truly even more venerable than the Prophets, since thou was granted to baptize in the running waters Him Whom they proclaimed.’ The Ivory Plaque of St John the Baptist and Four Saints in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London is evidence of his importance in the arts.

This Byzantine ivory plaque, housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum, presents a commanding depiction of Saint John the Baptist surrounded by four saints in a beautifully carved composition. St. John, central to the piece, gazes solemnly outward, his right hand raised in a gesture of blessing reminiscent of the iconic Christ Pantocrator. He holds a scroll, in his left hand, a symbol of prophetic wisdom. Encircling him in a design formed by an elegant tubular vine are busts of Saints Philip and Stephen above and Saints Andrew and Thomas below, creating a balanced visual symmetry.

The surface between these circular frames is filled with intricate, pierced foliage, a testament to the Byzantine craftsman’s skill. Traces of gilding and remnants of red-tinted inscriptions hint at the plaque’s former vibrancy, once illuminated with a regal gold shine and rich colours highlighting each saint’s name. The eyes of the figures, enhanced with glass paste beads, lend a lifelike intensity, particularly in St. Philip, where the beading remains fully intact.

Despite a long crack running vertically on the left side and the loss of two leaves from the foliage, the plaque preserves its structural beauty. The back side reveals the ivory’s natural texture, with gentle wavy lines and the subtle trace of a nerve canal, adding to the piece’s authenticity and tactile connection to its organic origins. These characteristics all contribute to the plaque’s historical value, serving as a physical testament to devotion and masterful artistry from the Byzantine era.

The V&A’s ivory plaque of Saint John the Baptist, dating to around 1000 AD, emerges from a period in Byzantine history when art flourished under the Macedonian Dynasty. This era was marked by a “renaissance” of classical themes, blending ancient Greco-Roman styles with Christian iconography and meticulous, refined craftsmanship. The plaque exemplifies this revival through its carefully carved figures and balanced composition, presenting Saint John with an aura of reverence as a ‘bridge’ between the Old and New Testaments. Positioned in the center with a raised hand in benediction, Saint John echoes the imagery of Christ Pantocrator, highlighting his esteemed role as the Forerunner who baptizes Christ. His scroll symbolizes prophetic wisdom, while the saints around him—Philip, Stephen, Andrew, and Thomas—reflect the universal call to discipleship, with inscriptions and red accents further enhancing their significance. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O92548/st-john-the-baptist-and-plaque-unknown/

The original purpose of the plaque remains somewhat uncertain, though the prominence afforded to Saint John the Baptist suggests a possible connection to a religious foundation dedicated to him, such as the renowned Studios Monastery and Basilica in Constantinople. This celebrated institution, a major center of Byzantine monastic life, may have housed objects of similar significance. Following the Crusaders’ sacking of Constantinople in 1204, treasured items from such sites often made their way westward, making it plausible that this plaque was preserved as a valued relic in Europe. Through its symbolism and fine craftsmanship, the plaque reflects both personal devotion and the era’s dedication to spiritual legacy in Byzantine Art.

According to experts at the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Byzantine plaque has been stylistically linked to ivory panels on a casket now housed in the Bargello Museum in Florence, which also features half-length depictions of Saints John the Baptist, Philip, Andrew, and Thomas. This connection suggests a shared artistic tradition, reflecting how Byzantine craftsmen used similar motifs and compositions to emphasize the saints’ roles. While my search for a photo and further information on the Bargello casket has been challenging, I hope to view this piece in person during my upcoming visit to the Bargello in the spring! Seeing it firsthand will be invaluable for understanding its stylistic parallels with the V&A plaque. https://www.theflorentine.net/2021/05/04/bargello-museum-reopens-with-refurbished-sala-degli-avori/

For a Student Activity, please… Check HERE!

Enkolpion with Nativity

by ArtByzantine ArtByzantine JewelryByzantiumEarly Christian ArtMedieval ArtStudent ActivitiesWorksheets
Enkolpion with Enthroned Virgin, Nativity, Adoration and Baptism, Early Byzantine, last quarter of the 6th century (ca. 583?), Gold, 7.2×6.5 cm, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington DC, USA https://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info?query=Portfolios%20%3D%20%222607%22&sort=0&page=51

In the realm of Byzantine devotion, Enkolpia (plural of enkolpion) were cherished devotional objects, worn around the neck by early Christian believers. These items often depict religious icons, acting as both a personal expression of faith and a protective amulet. An enkolpion with the Enthroned Virginwould emphasize the veneration of Mary, the Nativity, Adoration, and Baptism scenes would highlight central narratives of the Christian story, underscoring the divinity of Christ from birth to baptism. The Dumbarton Oaks Enkolpion with Nativity, the Enthroned Virgin, Adoration and Baptism is more than an object, it’s a narrative of divine love and protection. This piece captures the Byzantine reverence for Mary and Christ’s life events, merging intricate craftsmanship with theological depth—a fascinating window into Byzantine religious artistry and belief.

The Enkolpion in the Dumbarton Oaks was once part of the collection of Josef Strzygowski, a prominent Austrian art historian known for his studies on Byzantine and Islamic art. Strzygowski’s collection included rare and unique devotional pieces, with the enkolpion being notable for its intricate scenes. The enkolpion changed hands in October 1955 when Walter Strzygowski sold it to Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection in Washington, DC, where it now stands as a key artifact reflecting Byzantine religious art and devotion.

Tracing its provenance, we go back to June 22, 1906, at Graz, in Austria, where a Cypriot Greek sold it to the Austrian scholar. According to Marvin C. Ross (Art historian, curator and member of WWII Monuments Men), the same Cypriot states in a letter that ‘his treasure’ had been found in Cyprus (the small town of Karavas, near Lambousa), along with other Byzantine jewelry which was sold to the elder J. Pierpont Morgan, and which was later given, by his son, to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.’  It is believed that the Dumbarton Oaks enkolpio was part of a much larger find, which has come to be called the Lambousa treasure. Today, in the Cyprus Museum in Nicosia, there is a gold hinge that perfectly fits the two rings at the top of the frame on the Strzygowski/Dambarton Oaks medallion, providing valuable evidence on the artwork’s provenance. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291110?read-now=1&seq=1

The Byzantine Enkolpion, a type of devotional object worn around the neck, served as both a spiritual safeguard and a personal emblem of faith. These small, portable items, often featuring crosses, medallions, or reliquaries, were deeply intertwined with the daily lives and social practices of their owners, extending beyond mere religious devotion to function as symbols of protection, connection, and exchange. The Strzygowski/Dambarton Oaks Emkolpion consists of a Medallion, cast, not struck, 6.5 cm in diameter, and 109 grs of gold in weight, adorned with a braidlike inner border, and a broad, flat frame.

The Enkolpion of the Enthroned Mary at Dumbarton Oaks features intricate religious imagery that underscores its devotional purpose. On one side, the Virgin Mary is depicted seated on a throne, holding the Christ Child, flanked by two angels. Below this central scene are smaller panels illustrating key moments from Christ’s early life: the Nativity, with the Christ Child in a manger surrounded by the ox, the ass, and a contemplative Joseph; two shepherds pointing toward a guiding star; and the Visit of the Magi, who approach the Virgin and Child while a star shines above them. An inscription along the edge reads, “Christ, our God, help us.”

The reverse side of the Byzantine Enkolpion of the Enthroned Mary at Dumbarton Oaks depicts the Baptism of Christ, a scene rich with symbolic elements. On the left, St. John baptizes a nude Christ in the waters of the Jordan, while the Hand of God and the Dove of the Holy Spirit appear from above, signifying divine approval. To the right, two angels stand with their hands respectfully covered, witnessing the sacred event. Below, the river Jordan is personified, and two river nymphs swim, adding a sense of movement to the scene. Encircling the medallion is an inscription quoting Matthew 3:17: “This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.”

For a Student Activity, please… Check HERE!

Bibliography: https://museum.doaks.org/objects-1/info?query=Portfolios%20%3D%20%222607%22&sort=0&page=51 and A Byzantine Gold Medallion at Dumbarton Oaks by Marvin C. Ross, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 11 (1957), pp. 247-261 (19 pages) https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291110?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents